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Alternatively, the greater redundancy between the information expressed in speech and in gestures to the equations may have evoked detrimental, extraneous processing, as suggested by Mayer's redundancy principle.
The purpose of this study was to explore whether or not the C-test, as it is claimed, serves as a valid operationalization of the reduced redundancy principle.
The redundancy principle is that it is better to present animation and narration than to present animation, narration, and on-screen text.
This finding shows that, with a certain degree of latitude, C-testing is a reliable and valid procedure that mirrors the reduced redundancy principle.
One possibility is that the redundancy of information in the teacher's gestures and speech actually interfered with learning, in accord with Mayer's "redundancy principle" for multi-media learning (see, e.g., Mayer, Heiser & Lonn, 2001).
The theoretical rationale for application of Mayer's Redundancy Principle is to avoid overloading of the visual channel, however in Week One of the MOOC a video was used to outline the six principles of the Fundamental Values Project.
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Applying the modality and redundancy principles, Genie 3 presents the instruction predominantly as audio and supplements it with text.
The improvements made in Genie 3 to incorporate the personalization, modality, and redundancy principles are outlined in Table 1.
The features that can best discriminate the four groups of patients were ranked by the mRMR (Maximum Relevance & Minimum Redundancy) [10] principle.
The second principle, redundancy, like the second law of thermodynamics, is perhaps the most significant in obtaining useful results.
This principle introduces redundancy since all non-transmitting FAPs will have to discard data received from the serving gateway (S-GW).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com