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We used reductive character coding, splitting logically independent features into separate characters that we coded hierarchically sensu Simmons (1993) and Wilkinson (1995).
However, the Labrisomidae includes generalized blennies that do not fall into the other relatively well-defined families and no synapomorphies have been identified for this group [ 11] other than one possible reductive character [ 20].
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However, simply deleting all reductive characters may also be misleading, by running the risk of rejecting informative characters.
Gymnodonts were considered to be derived tetraodontiforms, usually having reductive characters such as no pelvic fin elements, teeth modified into a parrot-like beak, and no spinous dorsal fins.
Whether one regards the verdicts about these cases reached by causal process accounts or by interventionist accounts as more defensible, the very fact that the accounts lead to inconsistent judgments shows that interventionist approaches are not trivial or vacuous, despite their "circular", non-reductive character.
Homology of reductive morphological characters is commonly evaluated by ontogenetic analysis, but in the case of ceratioids, very little ontogenetic material is available for analysis [ 2, 33].
In the film's reductive approach to character and politics, rabid religious fundamentalism and social conservatism swirl through the air, and Moody catches its symptoms as easily as if he were picking up a flu germ.
Building upon the arguments advanced by Kinnaird, Bromwich further challenges the "reductive" notion that Characters was simply a work of "character" criticism.
This essentially Puritan strain in Wilson's thinking makes his characters reductive, simple silhouettes projected onto an even simpler backdrop.
Although the latter relationships cannot be reconciled with the earlier hypotheses based on morphology, we found that simple exclusion of the reductive or simplified characters can alleviate some of the conflict.
Shepherd's claim that the character is reductive might hold water, but it's also true that a significant number of the trans population in that part of Oregon are forced into prostitution.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com