Rising world population is the driving force of increasing consumption of wood and consequent reduction of forest area (part C of the figure).
It is evident that the reduction of forest cover was roughly 5.17% in the period 2003 2007 (Fig. 4; Table 3).
Those tendencies, however, raise the question whether the achievement of a wider scope of functions and services would result in a reduction of forest productivity.
In contrast, after verifying results from a number of catchment experiments, Hibbert (1967) concluded that increase in water yield occurs due to reduction of forest cover.
According to Indonesia's INDC, the government will focus on mitigation actions such as ecosystem conservation and restoration, coastal zone protection, and reduction of forest degradation and deforestation.
Especially the goal to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050, as agreed on in the PA, can be expected to further encourage the implementation of adapted forest management and a reduction of forest degradation and deforestation.
It is expected that the increase in collection of RFB, which was previously kept in the forest, can contribute in the future to the reduction of forest fires that have plagued the country in recent years.
Unscientific mining of minerals poses a serious threat to the environment, resulting in reduction of forest cover and loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and pollution of air, water and land.
Studies by Ebrahim and Mohamed (2017) in Geleda catchment and Solomon et al. (2010) in Koga watershed also reported the growth of cultivated lands at the reduction of forest cover in the respective study periods.
According to these studies, the country is characterized by a reduction of forest, woodlands, grasslands, and shrub lands, but a remarkable expansion of agricultural land and bare lands in space and time.
The effect size of forest cover on both adult density and crop damage, despite the very large tested forest gradient (0 60%), suggests that a reduction of forest cover does not seem to be a viable option for controlling SWD.
