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However, carrying out such reductionist studies under the different name of immunotherapy present the same narrow views of cancer biology and are far from being effective for cancer patients.
Examples of reductionist studies that have driven much of our understanding of biological processes associated with complex phenotypes like disease include the knockout mouse experiments and in vitro cytokine treatment to assess the effects of gene-specific perturbations on cell or tissue biology.
Historically, dysregulated pathways have been identified in cancers based on reductionist studies surrounding an identified mutation.
After decades of reductionist studies, network analysis and integrated omics data analysis have begun to target the aging process at a systems level.
Reductionist studies have thus far identified a small number of potential regulators of this process [ 29- 31], but fail to capture the global effects of these candidates on stem cell behavior.
Many former reductionist studies have attempted to ascribe given physiological effects to the actions of one or small numbers of cytokines, but this strategy has met with conceptual difficulties stemming from the fact that their actions can be paradoxical at different concentrations and differ according to the prevailing hormonal milieu [ 3, 11].
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For these groups, broader, more holistic concerns like contaminated water, soil degradation and loss, and the effects of toxic pesticides on environmental and human health have taken precedence over a reductionist study of individual nutrients.
Finally, the historical approach to altered mineral metabolism has been somewhat reductionist as studies tend to evaluate individual biochemical parameters in isolation and assume independence across those parameters.
Accordingly, the exact role(s) the singular functions of CD4+CD28null could directly contribute to tissue injuries of IPF (or other chronic immunologic diseases [19] [34]) in situ cannot be deduced from highly reductionist in vitro studies of single isolated cell types.
From the viewpoint of furthering systems biology reconstruction efforts, these enzymes are important targets for reductionist molecular biology studies, including, for instance, systematic analyses using the Robot Scientist approach [ 35].
An emerging concern in the field of biomedical research is that the common reductionist approach to studying biological processes may not be adequate to fully understand the complex interplay of cellular signaling, gene expression, and other complex molecular processes that occur within a tissue or organ.
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