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High salt leads to the reduction of yield or even death.
However, NP exhibited a significant reduction of yield stress and plastic viscosity when amount of replacement is higher than 25%.
It was found that PLA underwent extensive plastic deformation, due to a dramatic reduction of yield stress, followed by a progressively increasing strain hardening.
A modified Eq. (14) of predicted load-carrying capacity of the strengthened RC column with steel angles and strips are adopted to account for confined concrete strength and the reduction of yield stress to incorporate local buckling of steel angles as follows: P u = m c f c b 2 + m s A s f yl (15).
There has been a reduction of yield in the rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L). and anise (Pimpinella anisum L). [29, 36] following a water deficit, whereas in pepper (Capsicum annuum L ., the water deficit led to an increase in the essential oil yield.
One study tested wheat varieties with introduced resistance genes against leaf and stripe rust and reported a 12% reduction of yield [49], which was considered to be a very large effect [50].
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An uncontrolled reaction would cause a severe reduction of yields (complete combustion would be favored) as well as the loss of catalyst life [23].
In our case, even the highest biochar rate (30 t ha−1) did not induce reduction of yields, as yields were always statistically (P < 0.05) higher than or equal to the lower biochar rates, indicating lower phytotoxicity effect as a consequence of very low NH4NO3 extractable heavy metal fractions (Additional file 1: Table S3) and phyto-availability of the metals for the test crop.
The joint strength reduction was compared with reduction factors of yield stress and elastic modulus of stainless steel materials at elevated temperatures.
The joint strength reduction was compared with the reduction factors of yield stress and elastic modulus of stainless steel materials at elevated temperatures.
A unified strength equation for CHS K- and N-joints at elevated temperatures was proposed by adopting the reduction factor of yield stress.
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