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This is evident in the reduction of trees which have been cut … either for tobacco curing or construction of tobacco barns," Custom Nyirenda, the principal forest officer in the ministry of natural resources, energy and mining, told Al Jazeera last week.
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Chaining and bulldozing resulted in the least reduction of tree cover among the treatments.
Thinning of pome and stone fruit involves the reduction of tree crop load in order to regulate fruit set and quality.
Clear signs of deforestation, recorded through a general reduction of tree taxa, were connected to timber production and trade during the Roman period, as also attested by historical sources.
We found that economic losses due to a limited reduction of tree density of a Cordia alliodora plantation can be overcompensated by generating pollination services to adjacent coffee agroforestry systems.
This severe reduction of tree cavities drives intense competition amongst Tasmanian birds and other wildlife for the few hollows remaining -- leaving the small swift parrot a big loser in this battle for precious real estate.
The increase in maximum density is reflected by an increased level of the self-thinning line and a reduction of tree mortality in mixed stands (Pretzsch and Biber 2016).
Tree mortality (87%%) occurred during at least one year in plots suffering severe defoliation (Fig. 2a, e); much lower levels of tree mortality (around 5 %) occurred in plots with moderate defoliation, where the main effect was the reduction of tree growth.
Degradation is a long-term reduction of tree crown cover towards but not exceeding the minimum accepted 'forest' threshold.
According to ICP-Forests [5] the severe reduction of water availability led to reductions of tree vitality and tree growth and fostered bark beetle attacks in larger areas.
According to ICP-Forests [ 5] the severe reduction of water availability led to reductions of tree vitality and tree growth and fostered bark beetle attacks in larger areas.
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