The surge in debt ratios since 2010 represents a rebound from previous reductions of leverage, being accompanied in some instances by a decline in non-debt liabilities.
"This repetitive, temporary, and undisclosed reduction of net leverage at the end of each quarter is sufficient to make out a claim," Judge Kaplan said in his ruling.
Nevertheless, numerous works underpin the positive effects of leverage reduction (Kahl 2002; Lin et al. 2008; Opler and Titman 1994; Sheppard 1994).
Deciphered in reference to Germany, that meant a reorientation by Berlin away from its export-dependent economy and its trade imbalances, plus a reduction of its banks' sky-high leverage ratios and their role in stoking financial instability.
The reduction had started in the 1650s as a means of leverage to get the high nobles to pay their taxes and agree to various acts.
Minimal invasive surgery of calcaneal fractures can be divided into percutaneous reduction of fragments by Kirschner-wire leveraging [ 13, 28, 39, 53], application of external fixators [ 34, 48, 52], and percutaneous distraction of displaced fragments, thus applying the principle of ligamentotaxis with subsequent percutaneous screw fixation [ 30, 44].
Giroud et al. (2012) demonstrate in their study of corporate default that linking a significant reduction in leverage to an increase in firm performance can reverse causality.
This enhanced reduction of sulfur emissions, known as sulfur leveraging, is believed to result from increased sulfur capture in coal ash.
Because of the different tax treatment, the use of leverage to reduce taxes was popular among private equity investors and would become increasingly popular with the reduction of the capital gains tax rate.
This diagram is complex enough to highlight why systems-level approaches matters when identifying leverage points for the reduction of hypertension-related morbidity and mortality in West Africa.
