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21 Similarly, in inpatients with BED, high impulsivity is associated with less reduction of eating pathology in the long term.
Malnutrition was defined as clinically apparent weight loss or skinny and pale appearance accompanied with disability or reduction of eating for more than 7 days.
Furthermore, significant treatment effects found in this review indicate that quality of life and satisfaction with life are related to a reduction of eating disorder symptoms.
Therefore, one of the most contentious issues in the psychopharmacology of appetite regulation is the identification of the physiologic mechanisms underlying the observed reduction of eating.
Pharmacological therapy in BED is specifically focused on the reduction of eating impulsiveness, binges and negative feelings, constituting a co-cause and a complication of eating symptoms.
For horses, the reduction of eating time to two meals per day can meet the nutritional requirements of the animal, but may not necessarily meet the animal's behavioral need to forage [ 81- 83].
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All studies that were based on CBT principles and provided relevant information to calculate effect sizes found significant reductions of eating disordered behaviour within the intervention groups from pre- to post-treatment for primary outcomes (e.g. bingeing and purging) as well as secondary outcomes.
3 German treatment guidelines 4 and practice guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association 5 for eating disorders recommend psychotherapy as the treatment of first choice for BED with the reduction of binge eating episodes and overweight as the most important treatment goals.
They had a smaller body size, a reduced number of eggs in the uterus, hypersensitivity to aldicarb and resistance to 5-HT (data not shown; Figure 3a), indicating that a reduction of EAT-6 function brings about all these phenotypes.
Of interest, weight loss has been shown to result in a more pronounced reduction of EAT volume compared to total adiposity measures such as BMI and the waist to hip ratio and was significantly related to a concomitant decrease of LVM compared to BMI changes, suggesting a direct mechanical or functional relationship between these two anatomical compartments [ 29].
However, the reduction of binge eating at the end of treatment and at follow-up is comparable with improvements achieved with drug therapy or psychotherapy specifically designed for the treatment of BED.
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