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Reduction of duplicates for a given gene was done by judgement call factoring in signal intensity, P-value, distribution of calls ("Present" was judged as more reliable than "Marginal") and fold-change; only one entry per gene was retained for a total of 2231 transcripts with differential expression greater than 2-fold.
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Furthermore, there is a clear potential for error detection and the reduction of duplicate efforts.
Electronic publications also provide a basis for efficient management of scientific knowledge discovering related work, reduction of the duplicate efforts, establishment of virtual research teams etc.
Paralog reduction, the loss of duplicate genes after whole genome duplication (WGD) is a pervasive process.
We hypothesize this reduction was due to either elimination of duplicates, consolidation of contigs, or both.
It seems that there are two countervailing forces at work on the sequence evolution of duplicate genes: i) acceleration of substitution between paralogs caused by relaxation of purifying selection after duplication, and ii) relative reduction of substitution rate for genes with duplicates compared to singletons, which is predicated upon the stronger functional constraints affecting the former.
Relative quantitation was more reproducible than absolute quantitation and substantial reduction of variance was attained with duplicate spotting.
We argue that the overall reduction of epistatic interaction for individual duplicate genes occurred as a result of subfunctionalization after gene duplication.
A reduction of OD450 value in the duplicate wells by >60% compared with the untreated virus control wells (trypsin activated RV Wa or RRV without the test sample) was considered to indicate neutralizing ability of the sample.
The study was sized to duplicate a reduction of this size – using a negative binomial model for exacerbation rates as recent analyses have used these, rather than Poisson models, as the negative binomial models better account for individual patient variability [ 61, 62].
Accordingly, we conducted a before-after study using administrative health insurance claims data to determine whether the introduction of PACS was associated with a reduction in the frequency of duplicate imaging examinations.
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