Osteoporosis is a diffuse disease of the skeleton, characterised by a reduction of bone resistance.
The reduction of bone tissue is most marked in cancellous bone the open-textured tissue in the ends of the long bones and in the inner parts of the cortex of these bones.
A model is developed to evaluate the fatigue damage of cadaveric human cortical bone by incorporating stiffness reduction of bone materials as the number of fatigue cycles progresses.
Smith et al. ([2002]) also found that dietary copper deprivation causes a reduction of bone mineral density.
The elastic modulus of CFR-PEEK is similar to the modulus of the cortical bone, an advantageous feature for an osteosynthesis device, in order to prevent reduction of bone quality adjacent to the plate [12].
It has been suggested that the combination of increased bone mineralisation, together with a marked reduction of bone turnover, promote accumulation of microfractures, resulting in changes in bone mechanical behaviour [14, 55].
Sections of femurs stained using Von Kossa that identifies mineralized bone clearly demonstrated a reduction of bone formation in KO mice (Fig. 5B).
Histological examinations and histomorphometric analyses confirmed the radiographic observations and showed that de novo expression of autotaxin by breast cancer cells resulted in a reduction of bone volume (BV/TV) and increased skeletal tumor burden (Figure 2A).
One of these animals died at the age of 10 weeks for unknown reasons, but its skeletal analysis demonstrated a severe reduction of bone mass, with a near absence of trabecular bone (Figure 2B).
With respect to bone homeostasis, the lack of ZAS2 suppresses both osteoclast and osteoblast activities, and generally, the suppression of osteoblast activities overrides that of osteoclasts as there is an overall reduction of bone mass in ZAS2−/− mice [16].
The primary role of the cervical air sacs seems to be the reduction of bone mass, as shown by quantitative comparison of the extent of pneumatic hollowing of skeletal bone in volant and nonvolant birds [22].
