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This observation is attributed to the spacer 'shadow effect' and the resulting reduction in the effective membrane area by the spacers.
As mentioned earlier, two effects were produced by the wall coating layer: a slight reduction in the effective flow area and a drastically increased hydrodynamic roughness (k s).
The tax cuts he wants in exchange hinge on a sharp reduction in the effective tax rates paid by Japanese corporations, along with cuts in the inheritance, gift and property taxes that combine to distort the property market.
Therefore, a reduction in the effective stimulated area which is caused by short perforation cluster spacing should be avoided.
Such a reduction in the effective liquid-solid contact area subsequently leads to an increase of the apparent contact angle.
However, we find that the loss reduction is achieved at the expense of a reduction in the effective nonlinearity.
The loss in ILSS is due to the reduction in the effective interlaminar load-bearing area caused by the galleries.
For example, reducing slot gap by 41% resulted in a 58% reduction in the effective bubble diameter.
However, cyclization can also lead to a reduction in the effective cross-linking density, since cycles do not substantially contribute to the overall network structure.
The reduction in the effective area of scattering causes a reduction in the range of receiver locations where each multipath component is apparent.
After the reduction in the effective confining pressure, with the recovery of the rock from elastic deformation, there were still many pores.
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