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Our 2011 homelands report found huge benefits for Aboriginal people living on their traditional lands: connection to land and culture, self-determination, employment, improvements to physical and mental health, and a reduction in substance abuse and violence.
It is also not clear whether pre-treatment reduction in substance use can be clearly linked to research activities such as pre-treatment assessment, or if it is the result of more general factors such as the decision to seek treatment.
Future studies should test for whether an individual's reduction in substance abuse also spreads to his or her peers.
The youth in the intervention group showed a 37% reduction in substance use compared with the treatment as usual group who showed a 17% reduction in substance use (time effect p <.001; interaction effect p <.05).
Independent of treatment group, treatment satisfaction was also an indicator of retention in treatment, as well as treatment response, including a reduction in substance use.
Reduction in substance use, overdose prevention, withdrawal from dependence, relapse prevention, and maintenance are all legitimate goals potentially served by Food and Drug Administration FDAapprovedved medications.
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Based on reports that aerobic exercise produces a host of psychological effects potentially associated with reductions in substance abuse [6], [7], [8], [9], we hypothesized that the exercise may generically alter reward circuits such that exercise takes the place of cannabis use to a significant degree because of training, thereby reducing cannabis use as exercise becomes more reinforcing.
Reductions in substance use needs to be prioritised within services for at-risk young people.
On the other hand, reductions in substance use generally represented small effect sizes.
None the less, the reductions in substance use in our MI condition can be interpreted as promising.
Sustained efforts to improve engagement and retention in addiction treatment are warranted and can be expected to have positive health benefits beyond reductions in substance use [ 32, 33].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com