Sentence examples for reduction in offspring from inspiring English sources

As laid out by Smith & Fretwell [1] once the resources available for reproduction are fixed the trade-off is inevitable: any increase in the size of individual offspring must be compensated for by a reduction in offspring number.

A gene pool analysis [28] was performed to identify the private mutations from high risk X-chromosomal variants that predispose to schizophrenia, which is associated with reduction in offspring.

One possible explanation is that increases in the costs of raising children in more-developed countries forces the reduction in offspring number due to the constraint imposed by the time and energy available to allocate to total offspring number [5], [18], [25].

Repeated mating with increasing numbers of males caused a significant reduction in offspring number in both strains.

In the N40 populations, reduction in offspring fecundity was significant at one of three inbreeding coefficients (f =  0.23).

Importantly, restoration of biallelic M6P/IGF2R expression in mice results in a marked reduction in offspring weight late in embryonic development that persists into adulthood [ 43].

7 In our study, consistent reductions in offspring height and height components (in particular leg length and leg-to-trunk ratio) were seen among offspring of women who smoked during pregnancy, findings that have also been reported by Leary et al 6 at 7.5 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

The observations that adult female anurans inhabiting these sites can accumulate high concentrations of Se and Sr in their tissues, transfer Se and Sr concentrations to their offspring, and exhibit reductions in offspring viability raises many new questions regarding the impact of aquatic CCW-disposal practices on amphibians.

In addition, we observed modest increases in the risk for spina bifida, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and limb reduction defects in offspring of women who showered ≥15 compared to <15 minutes.

The ZnD induced a significant reduction in female offspring body weight evolution and in mammary gland development.

This in turn might lead to a reduction in their offspring success in encountering mating opportunities, thus incurring reproductive cost.