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It took four years for TPG's restructuring to take hold — until about 2000, Mr. Lodi noted, "and since then we have an 85 percent reduction in defects from production".
Hence, appropriate selection of a filler metal corresponding to the base metals has to be considered when aiming for a reduction in defects in Al-Cu joints.
Heat treatment at 350 °C of 500 nm thin films results in a steady reduction in defects and the color becomes more intense.
The results of the microstructural analyses revealed that a significant reduction in defects could be achieved by the proposed method in the nitrided samples.
The increase in the Raman G- to D-band ratio was further indicative of a reduction in defects (i.e., increased graphitization), which is in agreement with the TEM results.
For each case, comparison of the treated to untreated SWCNTs showed an increase in straightness as observed by TEM, which is indicative of a reduction in defects (Fig. 1d).
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Unlike when annealing at 300 °C, at this higher temperature, the additional surface cleaning and sintering effects do not compensate for the reduction in defect doping.
Theoretical and experimental studies indicate that a further reduction in defect density is possible if the dimension of the lateral overgrowth patterns is extended to nanoscale range [9 11].
Therefore, RTA induced reduction in defect density is primarily responsible for the enhanced photoconduction, because very few photogenerated carriers can be trapped inside the defect states and most of the excess carriers contribute to the photocurrent.
The results are consistent with reduction in defect energy (e.g. dislocations or point defects) as the driving force for secondary grain growth in an environment in which only (1 0 0) recrystallization nuclei can form.
Oxygen vacancy concentration calculated from Raman spectroscopic analysis showed one order reduction in defect concentration upon oxidation but the changes were found to be minimal with the increase in coating thickness.
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