The disease can cause huge crop losses in epidemic years due to reduction in grain yield or grain quality and via the contamination of the grain with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) which make grain unsafe for human and animal consumption (Rocha et al. [ 4]).
However, the gns4 mutant did not show this severe phenotype, with only a 5.5% and 9.4% reduction in grain length and grain weight, respectively, compared with those of WT.
Consistent with this, the rice knockout mutant of the GS1 homologous gene OsGS1 1 results in a severe reduction in grain filling and thus grain size and production [70].
We address in particular (i) control of crystallographic texture, (ii) reduction of grain size to nanocrystalline dimensions, and (iii) formation of nanocomposite structures.
It is attributed to the reduction of grain boundaries and enlargement of grain size, resulting in the enhanced ionic interaction at electrolyte electrode interface and low Rct.
The decreased resistance at high temperature is due to the reduction of grain boundaries and enlargement of grain sizes, which improves the ionic interaction at electrolyte electrode interface, resulting in the low Rct.
Moreover, the enhancement of hardness can be related to the reduction in grain size, i.e., small grain size samples gave a higher measured hardness.
Three accessions (LP101, LP107 and LP109) suffered a slight reduction in grain starch content and, consequently, thousand grain weight (TGW) when challenged with terminal drought stress under both field and green house conditions (Additional file 5).
Within pyroclastic density currents particle abrasion occurs as particles interact with each other resulting in a reduction in grain size and production of fine grained ash particles.
LOK-1 and NIAW-301 exhibited marginal reduction in grain weight compared to others indicating that these cultivars utilize reserve carbohydrates for grain development and leaves as source was not a limiting factor.
