The best scenario obtained involved two population reductions (bottlenecks) at the beginning of the process and in Central America and population hotspots before the second bottleneck and in Amazonia.
The most important concerns during the design of the congestion charging scheme were the traffic reduction in bottlenecks, the increase in public transport ridership, the decrease of vehicle kilometres in the city centre, and potential traffic effects on circumferential roads.
Vietnam's long-term investments into strengthening of its health systems, improvements in reduction of bottlenecks in the delivery, and scaling up of interventions, were reflected in the highest possible grant assessment score (A-1) of existing GFATM HSS programs.
This finding underscores the importance of using a 'bottom up approach' for the identification and reduction of bottlenecks to improve transitional care.
Among these, enhancing teachers' conditions of service (improvement of teachers' salaries, prompt payment of salaries, reduction in bottlenecks in appointments, transfers and promotions; rewards and recognition for serving well in difficult areas, providing accommodation and targeting micro-finance schemes for teachers) are paramount.
According to theoretical studies, the accumulation of repeats, among other mtDNA structural features, seems to be driven mostly by drift and mutation pressure, which are in turn largely determined by population size dynamics (e.g., genome size reduction or bottlenecks (Lynch and Blanchard 1998; Lynch et al. 2006).
About this time the cheetah populations seem to have experienced what may have been the first and most severe of a series of size reductions (demographic bottlenecks).
Patterns of regional and population diversity support the hypothesis that marsh frog populations from Sumgayit have reduced genetic diversity, likely through population reductions and/or bottlenecks.
The numerical complexity due to the longitudinal dimension of the scatterer scales linearly with the number of processors, though, the computational cost due to the processors' cyclic reduction establishes a bottleneck to achieve efficiency 100%.
However, estimation of genetic diversity reduction due to bottleneck domestication could be biased by human selection [ 9] and the genetic structure within populations [ 47].
