To make matters worse, sleep deprivation itself may impair immune function by reducing natural killer and cellular immune responses in humans [ 7], promoting bacterial invasion [ 8], and reducing the response to immunization [ 9].
Although experimental studies have shown that sleep deprivation reduces natural killer cell activity (NKCA) within individuals, cross-sectional studies of individuals in ordinary life have often failed to find such a relationship.
We have modeled the impact of glucocorticoids on immune function by treatment of an NK cell line with dexamethasone, which reduces natural killer cell function though epigenetic modification of effector gene regulatory region accessibility.
5-AZA-CdR reduces natural killer cell responsiveness, which may be used in therapeutic strategies to target malignant cells by an immune mechanism [ 82].
Athymic nude mice (Nu-/) were injected intraperitoneally with 75 μg of a rat antimouse asialo GM1 antibody (Wako Chemical Company, Richmond, VA, USA) to reduce natural killer cells.
Tamoxifen treatment downregulates the expression of the cytokine interleukin (IL -18 [ 9], lowers the numbers of CD4+ T cells [ 10], and reduces natural kIL -18(NK) cell activity [ 10].
In humans, sleep deprivation increases IL1, IL2 [ 38], IL6 and tumour necrosis factor levels [ 39] and probably reduces natural killer cell activity [ 34, 38, 40].
In animal models of maternal obesity, offspring of dams fed a HF diet have significantly reduced natural killer T (NKT) cell populations and upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF- α [ 31, 32, 34, 86].
The film presents an unflattering picture of soldiers dehumanised by a military machine and reduced to killers.
This should lead us to effective measures against traffic death, but it is also a wonderful testimony on how far we've come in reducing the major killers in the world history - dangerous diseases, famine and war.
