"They are encouraged to present themselves as hyper-sexualised, unrealistic, cartoonish, as objects, reducing female sexuality to a prize you can win".
Cyrus, and a former generation of Disney child stars turned singers such as Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, are "encouraged to present themselves as hypersexualised, unrealistic, cartoonish, as objects, reducing female sexuality to a prize you can win", said Church.
In the book, she argues that the recent trend for soft-porn styling in everything from music videos to popular TV is reducing female sexuality to its basest levels.
NCWIT says reducing female attrition for only one quarter would add 220,000 workers to the STEM talent pool.
Interestingly, Df 2L dLRCH females showed the most marked effect, even though reducing female fecundity is often thought to have a positive impact on lifespan [17].
These adaptations are known to be effective in reducing female remating rates, even if not successfully preventing female remating altogether [ 4].
In the green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi, non-fertile sperm fill the females' sperm storage organ, switching off receptivity and thereby reducing female remating.
Clinical trials in Uganda, Kenya and South Africa have shown that male circumcision is an effective biomedical method of reducing female-to-male transmission of HIV.
Dioecy likely evolves from hermaphrodite or monoecious ancestors by two mutations with the first causing male sterility and the second reducing female fertility.
