Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and IDH1 are major producers of cytoplasmic NADPH, the coenzyme that provides reducing equivalent for the regeneration of cytosolic reduced glutathione (GSH).
Once the diferrous β2 is formed, the active cofactor can be assembled by addition of O2 and a reducing equivalent that likely is provided by reduced YfaE (11, 12).
In fact, in the reduced state, the thiol group of cysteine is able to donate a reducing equivalent (H+ + e−) to other unstable molecules, such as ROS.
According to the calculation, reducing equivalent diameter and increasing carrier gas flowrate have the same effect on powder carrying.
Its ability to serve as a reducing equivalent in several biological reactions offers protection against reactive oxygen species, xenobiotics, and heavy metals.
Our results strongly suggest that coupling of the complementary reducing equivalent demand and ATP requirement plays an important role in the synergy of the dual pathway.
Synergy between pathways arises when the underlying pathway characteristics, such as reducing equivalent demand, ATP requirement, intermediate utilization, and cofactor preferences, are complementary to each other.
In this study, the glycerol glucose cometabolism by K. pneumoniae is stoichiometrically analyzed according to energy (ATP), reducing equivalent (NADH2) and product balances.
By donating a reducing equivalent to other unstable molecules, such as ROS, GSH is readily converted to GSSG, which can be converted back to GSH by the enzyme glutathione reductase (GR 29.
For the NADPH-driven P450s, however, the most active eTP-mutant showed a 13-fold increased activity and a 32-fold elevated coupling efficiency using NADPH as reducing equivalent.
These data suggest that more carbon flux went through the pentose phosphate pathway, thus leading to production of more reducing equivalent in the form of NADPH, which was then converted to NADH through soluble transhydrogenase for succinate production.
