Hansen (2003) suggested gene duplication as a way of reducing constraints imposed by pleiotropic interactions.
According to rule ((mathtt{R}_0))reduction of (P) amounts to independently reducing constraints (D,mathtt{I}) and (C,a).
The treatment of reducing constraints due to the existence of superclasses is standard; see, e.g., [3, 7, 10].
First, a sparse pattern was created in nanoimprint resist by NIL, reducing constraints on the initial mold fabrication.
Modularity increases evolvability by reducing constraints on adaptation and by allowing preexisting parts to function in new contexts for novel uses.
One intuitive means for reducing constraints is to determine the set of transmission lines considered for transmission constraints by engineering experience or based on a simplified power scheduling in which transmission constraints are not considered.
The sum s ( A j ) = ∑ a ∈ A j s ( a ) represents the total number of passengers to be transported in a subset A j, and it reduces constraint 3 to y vj S(A j )≤Q v.
Under this scenario, dispersed functional elements could reduce constraint on an existing complex domain, fostering the acquisition of new functions for that domain.
This finding might potentially be attributable either to positive selection or to a reduced constraint level on these genes.
Some Lhx proteins show long branch lengths on phylogenetic trees, suggesting that these subfamily members may be experiencing reduced constraint and/or positive selection.
