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Usually, part of the payout qualifies as a return of capital, which reduces the "basis" (tax cost, that is) of the investment but doesn't get taxed until your basis shrinks to zero.
That reduces the basis for conservative support for a price on carbon.
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Although the MP approach can reduce the basis particle number, the basis particle number cannot be too small.
By increasing P, the MP-PF can reduce the basis particle number as well as the global sequential operation.
Therefore, we propose an iterative SLR (I-SLR) scheme to further reduce the basis vectors, in this subsection.
Another advantage of the use of ghost atom is reducing the basis set superposition error (BSSE) [48, 49].
Linking reliable weather data with location-specific crop and agronomic conditions using flexible geospatial crop modeling tools is one option to reduce the basis risk.
This approach reflects the progress of phenological plant growth phases more accurately than fixed periods and hence is expected to reduce the basis risk of the index insurance.
The MIS scheme can work well for small prediction number P or particle number N. By reducing the basis particle number, the complexity of the resampling, the sequential part of the PF task, can be suppressed significantly.
We call for more research on ways to reduce the basis risk, combining the best data and decision tools available, and develop indexes that adequately predict the risks faced by smallholders.
This can potentially reduce the basis for wider horizontal and vertical subsidy between the rich and poor, young and old, and the sick and healthy.
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