Progeny of the GAL4/ Hsp-RNAi crosses tended to have reduced trait means for both wing size and wing shape.
Six crosses reduced trait means for WS in females, and in males only four crosses (GAL4/21806, GAL4/26416, GAL4/36641 and GAL4/47145) had a significant effect.
Application of multifunctional plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) exhibiting chromium resistance and reducing traits when used as bioinoculants with phytoremediating plants, has resulted in a better plant growth and chromium remediating efficiency in a short time span.
Inbreeding reduces traits in M. guttatus that are known to be attractive to pollinators, including corolla size (Ivey and Carr 2005), flower number (Dudash et al. 1997), as well as pollen rewards, but we found here and elsewhere (Ivey and Carr 2005; Carr et al. 2014) that the preference for outbred plants persisted even when controlling for corolla size and floral display size in the analyses.
De Berry et al. (1989), for example, found that 'relaxation-meditation' treatment significantly decreased levels of state anxiety, but was not effective in reducing trait anxiety.
We also predicted that CBM-I would reduce state anxiety, and might even reduce trait anxiety (assessed using the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI, Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983).
With this number of training bulls, accuracy due to LD, which is expected to be fairly persistent over generations, appears to be too small to reduce trait phenotyping, and progeny testing in particular if GS is applied.
Recent studies with adults have demonstrated that the training of a benign interpretation bias was effective in reducing trait anxiety [ 35] and social anxiety [ 36], and it would be interesting to study whether similar positive results can be achieved in high-anxious youths.
A recent meta-analysis of randomized trials of massage for various conditions found that massage had its greatest short-term benefits in reducing trait anxiety and depression, but no studies have evaluated these effects after the end of the treatment period [ 21].
Our results point to a surprisingly simple genetic architecture underlying the decay of female sexual traits, which most likely facilitated the spread of reduced sexual traits in the asexual population.
