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They reduced the present problem to solve a nonlinear system of algebraic equations using bivariate collocation method and Newton Cotes nodes.
A proposal for a revamp that would have reduced the present four tiers to three of 12, 12 and 18 teams was rejected thanks to opposition within the SPL from Ross County and St Mirren.
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"It would reduce the present value of his holding," says Professor Johnson, himself a proponent of nationalization.
The move was criticised by the Gibraltar government, which said the "serious incursion" would not help to reduce the present tensions.
This will reduce the present value of pension promises and make public sector pensions look much more affordable.
This has the effect of reducing the present value of the bond so it isn't entirely pain-free for investors.
De Gaulle feels that a return to the practices employed before the war of 1914 would also reduce the present so-called imperialism of the dollar and the aggressiveness of American businessmen.
Officials are struggling to find a means of allocating research funds that does not drastically reduce the present share received by leading research universities but on the other hand "rewards quality wherever it is found".
It suggests Britain could reduce the present Trident fleet of four submarines but that an alternative system – such as placing nuclear warheads on cruise missiles – would be more expensive.
The effect of staying at work for an extra five years is to reduce the present value of his benefits by almost 18%.
Therefore, all measures taken to reduce the present value of such flow at early ages may have the desired effect of reducing early retirement.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com