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Another symptom typical of human PD is reduced stride length [18] which was uniformly decreased across all paws and correlated with depletion severity in our unilateral rat model.
Reduced stride length is also a characteristic feature of walking behavior in elderly human subjects, while increased track width subserves the maintenance of postural stability [16].
However, a study of racing Quarter horses at the gallop showed that the use of a whip on the shoulder of the leading forelimb, in rhythm with the stride, reduced stride length and increased stride frequency without increasing speed [7].
Treadmill walking is different than normal walking due to an inability to change speed voluntarily and reduced stride variability.
Cluster 2 was characterized by intermediate velocity (52.9 ± 23.1 cm/sec), reduced stride length and 7 kinematic variables.
Cluster 3 was characterized by the slowest velocity among clusters (19.2 ± 7.7 cm/sec), reduced stride length and by 9 kinematic variables.
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The authors also analyzed the biomechanical changes produced by heel length on women's gait and found that heels altered the women's gait, reducing stride length and increasing pelvis tilt and hip rotation.
Further, we have used a frequency which has been reported to reduce stride time variability [6], [32], but it could be that other frequencies might also have an impact in FOG, this should be explored, as well as the effect of cueing on PD+FOG during dual-task, which has been reported to reduce attentional cost in the case of PD-FOG when stimulation was mainly auditory [40], [41].
Reducing stride length at a given speed is associated with decreased vertical centre of mass displacement (flatter trajectory) and increased energy cost of walking [ 31, 32].
5 7 Running in minimalist shoes has previously been shown to reduce stride length 1 and the amount of ankle dorsiflexion at initial ground contact, 6 with the latter promoting a FF pattern.
Reducing stride length as well as increasing the percentage of double support during the gait cycle is an attempt to minimize postural instability and indicates deficits in balance control [ 44].
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