Sentence examples for reduced shells from inspiring English sources
In some land slugs or tropical snails with reduced shells, respiratory functions have shifted either to external projections from the mantle collar or to the skin as the area of mantle roof available for respiration has decreased in size.
In marine and freshwater gastropods, respiration takes place as water currents pass across the gill surfaces within the mantle cavity in most species with spiral shells, across gill elements along the sides of the bodies in most limpets, or through projections from the body surface in sea slugs or other taxa with reduced shells.
However, due to more or less reduced shells the fossilization probability is low.
This behavior is due to the reduced shell stiffness and belt-wrap pressure for the helically wrapped webs.
Endolithic colonization reduced shell strength by a mean of 35% in both species.
Nevertheless, at larval ages of 14 d, results were similar to those reported above, indicating significantly reduced shell area and calcium content for C. virginica at elevated pCO2, but no significant pCO2 effects for C. ariakensis.
Parallel to reduced shell quality the skeleton becomes brittle resulting in bone fractures.
Reduced shell strength and ash weight in response to low salinity has also been found in other invertebrate species, including mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters [ 86, 87].
In bivalves, low pH results in significant changes to larval development (e.g. [ 14]), reduced shell deposition in most species (e.g. [ 15, 16]), decreased integrity of the shell [ 17, 18] and weakened attachment of byssal threads [ 19].
However, the negative effects of low salinity on early initiation of growth as well as reduced shell strength suggest trade-offs between traits in different environments in order to maximise fitness.
They are characterized by an internalized or reduced shell, a muscular mantle for locomotion, chromatophores, ink sacs, an acute vision system, and complex and morphologically distinct arms (Nishiguchi and Mapes 2008).
