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Marine sticklebacks live in open water and school very strongly, whereas freshwater bottom-dwelling lake populations (benthics) exhibit reduced schooling [5].
However, their reduced schooling tendency in the model school assay strongly reflects their behavior in free-swimming groups.
In contrast, the benthic sticklebacks showed reduced schooling behavior, and many never schooled during the trial period.
This suggests that the reduced schooling behavior in benthic sticklebacks might be driven in part by an enhanced preference for non-social, non-moving shelter options.
Previous observations of sticklebacks in the wild had noted that marine sticklebacks school strongly while benthic sticklebacks exhibit reduced schooling [17], [18].
One explanation for this result is that reduced schooling might be due to the effects of homozygous recessive benthic alleles across multiple loci.
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