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The second limitation is that, compared to bismuth-coated carbon-based electrodes, the LOD of the Cu-based sensor is still high, although this could be explained by the considerably reduced sample volume and smaller working electrode area.
However, for dilute levels of trace elements, the trade-off is reduced sample volume and therefore lower fluorescence signal (assuming complete penetration of the incident beam as well as negligible loss of fluorescence signal escaping from the sample), which results in low signal-to-noise and necessitates longer dwell times.
The reduced sample volume and time-saving advantages of the luminex system have made it an attractive method for large-scale cross-sectional, association or cohort studies which investigate the host immune response [1], [13], [15], [16].
There is growing demand to integrate multiplex signatures to obtain favorable assay properties, such as reduced sample volume, decreased processing time, low cost analysis and low reagent consumption.
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The nanofluidic channel can guarantee the detection area be confined around the evanescent region of PC structure, which can improve the sensor's sensitivity and reduce sample volume.
Furthermore, targeted sequencing may also help to reduce sample volume and time required for analysis of lung carcinomas.
Ideally, new technologies will reduce sample volume requirements, lessen the amount of time required for microarray analysis (which now averages 24 hours), and reduce microarray costs to the extent that they can be used routinely in the clinic.
With the evolution of microvalves, fluid control, surface patterning, and chemical gradients, these devices provide the ability to precisely control the microenvironments around neurons while significantly reducing sample volumes.
Furthermore, whole blood cells are easy to collect and store during field studies on large cohorts, reducing samples volumes required and limiting technical bias due to cell purification.
As a result, the microfluidic LSPR immunoassay platform reported here achieved quantitative detection of cytokine secretion from a desired subset of immune cells down to a cell population as few as 1000 cells, which drastically reduced the sample volume by approximately 100 times and shortened the total assay time by 3 times as compared to the conventional cytokine secretion assays.
A volume of 1 ml was then removed from the reduced samples and to this was added 400 µl buffer and 100 µl ferroin reagent.
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