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A recent study [ 7] suggests that heart disease significantly increased out of pocket health spending, reduced labour force participation rate and increased indebtedness among Indian households.
In the 1973 78 cohort, there was a clear association between indicators of poorer SES at baseline (financial hardship, reduced labour force participation) and latent classes representing continuing caring ('overall highest') and new caring ('low then increasing').
In the 1946 51 cohort, indicators of poorer SES (financial hardship, reduced labour force participation, no occupational status) were clearly associated with the latent class representing continuing caring ('overall highest').
In a US study it was found that headache patients have somewhat reduced labour force participation [12], but employment status has not been found to be related to headache in some European studies [7, 13].
Older age, female gender, and low education were also associated with reduced labour force participation.
Although reduced labour force participation is often a consequence of physical disability, little is known about the role of workplace accommodation.
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Specifically, the main aims of the Jobs Act are to (a) increase employment and reduce the share of the workforce with precarious contracts and to (b) stimulate enterprise productivity by encouraging the employment of a young labour force, thereby improving growth and competitiveness through reduced labour costs.
The resulting dynamic patterns of health effects were used to derive (1) changes in demographic composition and effective labour force and (2) changes in social security transfers including reduced labour market benefits for working-age people and increased pension payments for pensioners with increased longevity.
The flight of the rural population from servile tenures on the land to the free air of the cities aggravated the population losses from the Black Death and further reduced the labour force and the revenues of territorial lords.
We include the level of unearned income in the reduced form labour force status equations but not in the wage equations to achieve identification.
Third, EP tends to reduce labour productivity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com