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Lissencephaly is further characterized by microcephaly (reduced head size) and by symptoms such as muscle spasms, seizures, abnormal facial expressions, failure to thrive, and deformation of the hands, fingers, or toes.
Evidence for developmental errors in the nervous systems of people exposed to radiation is widespread (e. g. [15] [17]), including reduced head size (e. g. [18], [19]) and brain damage (e. g. [20]).
In addition, maternal PON1 levels alone, but not PON1 genetic polymorphisms, were associated with reduced head size.
In the maternally HIV-exposed infants, HCMV infection was also associated with increased prevalence of stunting, reduced head size, and decreased psychomotor development.
In utero infection may account for HCMV effects on reduced head size and psychomotor development in HIV-exposed infants because adjustments for breastfeeding increased the effect.
Nonetheless, at least one species of frog-eating snake (the death adder, Acanthophis praelongus) experiences strong selection on behavior (avoidance of toads as prey) and morphology (reduced head size relative to body size, a trait influencing the snake's ability to consume a toad large enough to kill it: Phillips et al. 2010d; Fig. 3A).
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Early life stress including childhood maltreatment has been associated with reduced head circumference and/or brain size, cognitive, and academic deficits in children and adolescents.
We observed that the GFP-positive transgenic progeny exhibited developmental dysmorphology, including reduced head development and eye size, as well as severe pericardial edema and subsequent lethality (Fig. 4B).
This contradicts recent registry studies that have found that increased femoral head size reduces the risk of dislocation (Hailer et al. 2012, Kostensalo et al. 2013), and also level-1 studies that have also shown a reduced risk of dislocation with larger femoral heads (Garbuz et al. 2012, Howie et al. 2012).
Previous population-based registry studies have shown that larger femoral head size is associated with reduced risk of revision for dislocation.
Our data support previous findings that large head size is associated with reduced rate of revision for dislocation (Byström et al. 2003, Berry et al. 2005, Jameson et al. 2011).
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