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Among current smokers, the probability of high cigarette consumption, high cigarette dependence, and having no intention to quit increased with reduced educational level (Table 3).
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According to the World Health Organization, even a low level of lead exposure "affects children's brain development resulting in a reduced intelligence quotient (IQ), behavioral changes such as shortening of attention span and increased antisocial behavior, and reduced educational attainment".
This reduces educational incentives.
When we adjusted for other variables in our model, the predictive value of low income among the list population was reduced, and low educational level became inversely associated with rate of MDMs.
The prevalence of poor performance in all cognitive tests was more frequent among men and reduced as the educational level of the participant increased (p < 0.001 in all tests).
The external adjustment for possible unmeasured confounding by low educational level reduced the crude OR from 1.30 to 1.24.
However, we believe that residual confounding by individual level socioeconomic status would have been substantially reduced by adjusting for educational level and lifestyle factors including smoking.
There is no clear reason why high educational level reduces the odds of spirometry testing.
Victora et al. [ 9] showed that maternal and child malnutrition during the first year of life can cause irreversible damages, including shorter adult height, lower educational level and reduced adult income, and lower birth weight of offspring.
They found that using the following risk factors – low educational level, fractures, reduced core stability and length of ICU stay over 2 days – they were able to develop a risk score predictive of disability at 2 months after hospital discharge.
The first group of sociodemographic variables (age, sex, and educational level) roughly reduced the crude ORs of physical dimensions in a fourth and the ORs of the mental dimensions in an eighth.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com