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Moreover, F. angustifolia shows reduced dormancy compared to F. excelsior [ 56], possibly conferring another demographic advantage.
Sowing increased the frequencies of alleles conferring seed retention and reduced dormancy.
Reduced dormancy in crop wild hybrid seed has been put forth as a barrier to crop allele introgression into wild populations (Stewart 2003).
In contrast, reduced dormancy as a result of higher seed maturation temperatures is unlikely to alter germination timing of the winter annual Cvi.
Larger seeds show reduced dormancy [ 37], and are more likely than smaller seeds to germinate and establish rosettes within the same season.
Yet in cultivated plants, dormancy is selected against, so reduced dormancy may be a domestication trait that could decrease hybrid fitness outside of cultivation (Stewart 2003).
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This contrasts with Avena fatua for which a higher temperature during maturation reduces dormancy (Peters, 1982).
Furthermore, the non-deep simple MPD classification covers both species that reduce dormancy during a warm period and those that reduce dormancy during a cold period (Baskin and Baskin, 2004), and is therefore not informative when aiming to understand, compare or predict germination in an ecological perspective.
Finally, crop-wild hybridization has been shown to reduce dormancy in field studies when compared to wild seeds (Snow et al. 1998; Mercer et al. 2006b; Alexander et al. 2014).
However, the study by Grime et al. (1981) did not aim to investigate dormancy, and seeds had been stored dry for some time before being tested; a treatment that we have observed, per se, reduces dormancy in Papaver, even though we have not seen such extensive germination (data not shown).
Given that P. rhoeas is known to reduce dormancy within a time period of 12 weeks, albeit in darkness, at 20/10 °C, partly at 15/5 °C but not at 1 °C (Baskin et al., 2002), the explanation that germination during spring is a result of germination being delayed during cold periods seems to be the most plausible.
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