Because polymorphism in the coding regions was not exhausted as our data showed, purifying selection cannot explain the ten fold reduced divergence in coding as opposed to NC regions at gambicin.
Patterns of divergence between sibling species, extending the time scale of analysis, showed remarkable heterogeneity among functional regions of gambicin across all three species pairs, with over ten fold reduced divergence in coding as opposed to NC regions.
Importantly, the evidence for reduced divergence or ongoing recombination in the remaining chromosome arms in both species is small.
This difference in broodstock size partly explains the divergence from the founder population observed in the segregated line, and it is likely that simply increasing the broodstock size would have reduced divergence.
A. cerana nests inside of normally dark cavities, but the small amount of data on the divergence angle in A. cerana dances were gathered in unspecified conditions, that may have included a view of the sky from the observation hive, which we found could reduce divergence angle in A. mellifera (Fig 4c).
We did not find evidence for reduced synonymous divergence in the swept region, and the mean d S in this region (0.18) was actually slightly higher than that of the flanking regions (0.15).
These groups can also reduce the divergence in growth rate at different sites and hinder the overgrowth due to the space limit.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of managed gene flow to reduce genetic divergence in supportive breeding programs.
Comparisons of orthologous palindromes in human, chimpanzee, and gorilla [Rozen et al., 2003; Hallast et al., 2013] indicate that conversion has been acting as a conservative force, significantly reducing interspecific divergence in arms compared with spacers.
This study shows that recombination reduces evolutionary divergence in genes under relatively weak purifying selection (e.g. low-expressed, nonessential, few PPI), and at best, marginally increases divergence in genes under strong purifying selection (e.g. highly expressed, essential, many PPI).
In the recently formed allohexaploid plant species Senecio cambrensis, expression analysis of re-synthesized lines suggests that the impact of hybridization and genome duplication on expression divergence are distinct, and that the latter phenomenon can reduce expression divergence, at least in the early stages of polyploid evolution [ 68].
