Enzyme efficiencies declined with drought treatment, possibly because reduced water availability increased enzyme immobilization and reduced diffusion rates.
Another method to form microencapsulation is conformal coating of cells, where a thin coating covered on engrafted cells or cell aggregates could reduce diffusion rate of molecular between transplants and host, hence a prolonged graft response to host is achieved (Krishnamurthy and Gimi, 2011).
EPS can inhibit mineral precipitation by reducing diffusion rates and creating microgradients of solutes at the mineral surface, and they can also bind divalent metals, such as Ca2+ and Mg 2+, thus decreasing effective saturation in the bulk phase [46].
However, it is known that macromolecular crowding, a key feature in natural cells, can dramatically influence biochemical kinetics via volume exclusion effects, which reduce diffusion rates and enhance binding rates of macromolecules.
Molecular crowding can cause volume exclusion effects that reduce diffusion rates and enhance the binding rates of macromolecules [ 8], leading to a fundamental impact on cellular properties such as the optimum number of transcription factors [ 9], the dynamical order of metabolic pathways [ 10], and nuclear architecture [ 11].
In addition, the increase in initial concentration decreased sorption rate since it probably reduced diffusion across the boundary layer.
During steady-state oxidation, a continuous α-Al2O3 layer reduced the diffusion rate of oxygen and, thus, the rate of isothermal oxidation became low.
The relationship between reduced oxygen diffusion rate and the micro-structure changed by the chemical densification is discussed by means of the novel theoretical model.
Higher compressive stress results in lower ion concentration and thus lower capacity, and it also reduces the diffusion rate.
