The simplifying restrictions of location and future emissions scenarios reduce confounding variables, better allowing evaluation and sensitivity testing of the model and better examination of the overall combined effects of ocean warming and acidification.
These peculiarities make this population highly homogeneous and reduce confounding variables.
In order to reduce confounding variables, the two groups were matched with regard to laryngeal T stage, glottic or supraglottic cancer subsite and smoking history.
While focusing on long-term absence may have reduced potential confounding variables, such as reduced satisfaction, we could have also underestimated the total effect of the mergers.
To reduce confounding, sexual and reproductive variables were examined among HIV seropositive individuals only.
Thus, we confined our investigation of HCC to patients with HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC) to reduce possible confounding variables, and we plan to study the relationship between and mechanisms of early recurrence of HCC and HBV-related factors (e.g., serum HBV viral load and HBV genotype and mutations).
Human primary fibroblast IMR90 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were serum-starved for 4 days prior to treatment, as previously described (Serrano et al., 1997), to reduce any confounding variables by exogenous IGF-1 present in the serum used to supplement the growth media.
The procedures to minimize potential bias included complete coverage of new dialysis patients (to address selection bias), use of index dates in the analysis (reverse causality bias), blinding of interviewers to the main research question (interviewer bias), and the restriction to phenacetin-free analgesics and adjustment for co-variables to reduce confounding.
Thirdly, we have performed multivariate logistic regression and adjusted for interactions between variables, as is recommended to reduce confounding.
Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic predictors of risk factors as instrumental variables to eliminate reverse causation and reduce confounding bias.
