This result is the opposite of what is seen in the dyf13 mutant in which beat frequency is slower, not faster, than wild-type, and suggests that the reduced length of dyf13 flagella is not the direct cause of the reduced beat frequency in the mutant.
Grenoble needs more police officers, he said, having lost 17 percent of its force since 2002, after Mr. Sarkozy, then interior minister, sharply reduced beat policing.
All asphyxiated newborns were delivered by emergency cesarean section due to acute fetal distress, defined according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists as non-reassuring fetal status (bradycardia, late deceleration of the fetal heart rate, severe and repetitive variable deceleration of the fetal heart rate, reduced beat-to-beat variability).
Indeed, caffeine at a high concentration (5 mM) which enhances the open probability of RyR2 reduced beating rate and caused widening of contraction twitches (Supplemental Fig. 1).
Thus, the shorter flagellar length and reduced beating frequency of the dyf13 mutant were consistent with that of zebrafish ttc26 morphants.
Starvation triggered activation of both caspase-3 and proteasome activities in NCMs, and significantly reduced beating rate and total antioxidant capacity.
Accordingly, a high concentration of caffeine, known to open ryanodine receptors (RyR2) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), reduced beating rate and induced a large and wide twitch (Supplemental Fig. 1).
Drugs which caused prolongations of T2 also reduced beating rate in the bursts in many cases (Supplemental Fig. 4), raising the question which effect is the cause and which the consequence.
Administration of class I anti-arrhythmic agents (quinidine and propafenone) resulted in dose-dependent conduction slowing and reduced beating rate, while the gap junction uncoupler 1-heptanol caused slowing of conduction with higher concentrations leading to development of conduction blocks (Caspi et al. 2009).
As with all proposed SBAs, HCQ will exert effects on pacemaking mechanisms beyond modulation of If as dose is increased; the results of our sequential accumulation protocol with ZD7288 are promising, suggesting that HCQ does not reduce beating rate under conditions in which complete block of If has already been achieved.
Enolase, a component of the glycolytic pathway, is present in motile flagella as part of the CPC1 central pair complex and a mutant with reduced enolase in flagella causes reduced flagella beat frequency (Mitchell et al., 2005).
