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Though local and short term effects from aquaculture are clearly evident in U.S. West Coast estuaries, bivalve aquaculture does not remove area from the estuary or degrade water quality like other anthropogenic influences, and thus has not been implicated in shifts to alternate states or reduced adaptive capacity of the larger ecological system.
On the other hand, we observed a reduced adaptive capacity of farmers that likely stems from their perception of being "squeezed out" and left with no feasible alternatives.
These subcellular alterations likely contribute to the reduced adaptive capacity to stress (exercise, β-adrenergic stimulation) and increased vulnerability to disease of the aged hearts.
According to the World Health Organization, ID is defined as an intelligence quotient below 70 and a reduced adaptive capacity that appears before 18 years of age (1).
In their Social Vulnerability Index, Cutter et al. (2003) specifically identify African-American race, in addition to old age, as indicators of reduced adaptive capacity.
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In Norway, NPM may well have reduced adaptive capacities to respond to climatic stresses in the housing sector.
Participants suggested that while this could improve efficiency in times of stability, it reduced the adaptive capacity of individual participating owner operators.
Hence a reduced level of information indirectly reduces the adaptive capacity of groups.
This reduces their adaptive capacity and resiliency to deal with the adversities.
reduce the adaptive capacity or increase the vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change, which in turn affects the performance of the already weak agriculture (Asrat and Simane 2017d).
Drawing on an entitlements framework, we argue that the new coping mechanisms are not available to all, could be making some households more vulnerable to climate change, and reduce the adaptive capacity of the overall system as reciprocity networks and customary institutions are weakened.
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