Such arrangements are partly intended to reduce transaction costs.
Retailers and brands can make long-term purchase contracts with traders to reduce transaction costs.
Advances in map-making and ship-building helped improve communications and reduce transaction costs for cities.
"If the key point is to reduce transaction costs, then iX is flawed".
"We view it as a way to reduce transaction costs and increase environmental results," he said.
Abandoning it would end speculation about devaluation, reduce transaction costs, lower interest rates and boost investment.
By investing in IT systems to reduce transaction costs, the bank has been able to gain market share.
[The Energy Department's] full court press to reduce transaction costs associated with solar rooftop power is a case in point.
By pooling the funds of small savers, mutual funds also reduce transaction costs (eg, brokers' fees) through economies of scale.
From an economic point of view, a monetary union helps reduce transaction costs in an increasingly integrated regional market.
Malaysia's security watchdog announced a plan to merge the country's 63 brokerage firms into 15 companies and to reduce transaction costs on the local stock exchange.
