Sea ice can reflect solar energy to reduce surface warming or insulate water against heat loss.
Mr. Stoelwinder said some of the new suits add buoyancy, reduce surface drag or compress a swimmer's body, even when tired, into a streamlined and efficient position.
In 1997, for instance, the E.P.A. moved to reduce surface ozone, a form of pollution caused, in part, by emissions from oil refineries.
Houses, for example, might shrink in the winter to reduce surface area and volume, thus cutting heating costs.
(They don't, but they warm it enough to reduce surface friction, especially if the broom is dry).
Angled in a test tube to reduce surface area and stored in a bio-safety cabinet (air flow, straight up), the slide was covered with a cloudy gray smear, like a spiral galaxy.
"The important thing is to reduce surface pooling in the irrigation schemes, so there's not too much water in the fields," says Steve Lindsay, a disease ecologist at the University of Durham and malaria expert.
Surfactants can reduce surface tension under hydrate forming conditions [22].
Open image in new window Fig. 15 Lubricating rails to reduce surface friction coefficient [42].
HWA has also been shown to greatly reduce surface recombination in silicon photonic crystals [7].
Moreover, coating the oxide surfaces with additional monolayers could reduce surface recombination.
