HSC from mice lacking CD45 show reduced mobilization, impaired ability to cross extracellular matrix barriers, and a hyperadhesive phenotype.
Glucocorticoids cause immunosupression by inhibiting the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, thereby reducing mobilization of inflammatory cells into infected areas.
Reduced mobilization and increased apoptosis, resulting in a shorter half-life of CPCs, can result from chronic exposure to inflammatory cytokines.
Not only impaired function but also reduced mobilization from the BM to the PB has been documented [ 22, 24] in diabetic patients.
Other major mechanisms by which liver damage arises in NAFLD/NASH are accumulation of lipids due to increased synthesis, reduced mobilization of fatty acids from lipid droplets, and cholesterol accumulation (56, 57).
We recently presented evidence of further reduction in net capillary fluid absorption as well as reduced mobilization of venous capacitance blood (capacitance response) in men with type 1 diabetes with microvascular complications (18).
Interestingly, anti-VEGF receptor 1 antibody reduced mobilization of bone marrow derived myeloid progenitors into the peripheral blood, suggesting that part of the mechanism of action in that study was impairment in leucocyte infiltration.
By contrast, the Type I receptor desensitizes and internalizes over the course of hours, a process that involves downstream elements, including downregulation of IP3 and reduced mobilization of intracellular calcium [ 8, 22, 72, 73].
Two hypotheses have been discussed to explain underlying mechanisms: First, smoking-related ROS production may decrease the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), thereby reducing mobilization of PCs from the bone marrow [ 26, 27].
Second, PNPLA3 mutations may reduce the mobilization of TAG on LDs (Pirazzi et al., 2012).
