Then the difference of the two quantities I and I′ leads to a new function, the reduced irradiance I″; = I W, A, R) − I′ (W, A) which should exhibit much less data scattering.
Hence by applying the transformation an unrealistic R dependence of the reduced irradiance I″ is introduced in [ 12], leading to an artificially large variation of the terrestrial irradiance with sunspot number and a striking, yet misleading correlation between sunspot number and strong variations in the reduced (and transformed) terrestrial irradiance shown in Fig. 4 in [ 12].
Indeed, the trends of the reduced irradiance (un-transformed) with sunspot number are in agreement with the results found in [ 8] and thus with the surface energy balance discussed in Sect. 1. Quantifying the influence of solar activity on Earth's climate [ 13] is clearly an important issue, helping to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic causes of climate change.
Design results show that the reflective encapsulation module could not only reduce the irradiance non-uniformity from 28.72% down to 8.34% within the prescribed illumination region, but also minimize the optical dimension by 9.6%, which demonstrate both the effectiveness and robustness of the LSCS method.
†The reduction on irradiance was obtained using a standard separators calibrated to reduced the irradiance from 700 to 150 mW/cm2.
The white walls reduced the irradiance compared to the aluminum-covered walls, especially between 580 and 700 nm (Fig. 3a), and in the upper meter of the water parcel, this corresponded to a reduction by 30 70%.
Electrical results showed that the total energy output of the SOLWAT system designed and tested was not affected by the water disinfection reactor located above the PV module in relation to a single PV module, mainly because of the compensating effect of lower operation temperature of the PV module within the SOLWAT system vs. slightly reduced solar irradiance received.
This was a different effect than reducing solar irradiance, but still a direct result from the presence of aerosols.
Photoinhibition mimics reduced habitat irradiance, reducing photosynthesis [1].
Figure 4 indicates that the time series of the reduced terrestric irradiance I″ indeed shows variations in parallel to solar activity which are of order 10 20 W/m or ≈ 1% of the terrestric I values.
