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Diluents became more effective (provided greater reductions of the laminar burning velocity for a given diluent concentration) in the order helium, argon, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, which reflects their increased capabilities either to quench the reaction zone by increased specific heats or to reduce flame velocities by reduced transport rates.
Codes of conduct, etiquette and social norms evolved to regulate – or at least moderate – online behaviour, reduce "flame wars", and so on.
In many oxy-fuel systems the flue gas stream is recycled and premixed with the fuel and oxidizer to reduce flame temperatures.
This entire setup is surrounded by a protective box, built from optical rails and acrylic sheets, which helps reduce flame instability due to air currents, as well as preventing contaminants from entering the system.
The capacity of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)s powder to chemically reduce flame speeds and mitigate the effects of accidental explosions is well established.
At fuel-lean conditions, increasing flame temperatures (by dilution with argon rather than nitrogen) tended to reduce flame sensitivity to stretch whereas increasing pressures tended to increase tendencies toward preferential-diffusion instability behavior.
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The hydrogen enrichment was effective on reducing flame development and propagation periods.
As expected, calculated temperature profiles show that reduction in Ø reduces flame temperature.
Horizontal burn testing showed that DNA markedly reduced flame burn distances in LDPE above loading levels of 5% w/w.
The reducing flame temperature increases with the O2 supply; the oxygen atoms cannot be removed effectively by forming a double bond in the GO layers; thus, I D/I G increases.
It is considered likely that intense turbulent mixing after the nozzle drives an initial extinction process that reduces flame luminosity, with reignition occurring downstream where turbulent mixing has decreased, causing an increase in flame luminosity.
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