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They can be spread laterally, and they can reduce fitness.
An important component of lemur health, parasite infection can reduce fitness and survival outcomes.
The frozen accident hypothesis argued that changes to the code would destabilize the proteome and reduce fitness.
Each system is functionally coherent, in that perceptual, affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes work in concert to reduce fitness costs of potential threats.
This suggests that point mutations that reduce fitness and in vivo replication may be more stable than initially anticipated, which may alleviate some concerns regarding rationally designed MD vaccines based upon point mutations.
However, in the wild, the period between fry emergence and the establishment of feeding territories is considered to be of critical importance in the dynamics of salmonid populations and any disruption may reduce fitness.
On the one hand, the genomic imbalance will reduce fitness and perpetuate cycles of meiotic irregularities.
One hypothesis predicts that, to reduce fitness costs associated with exploitation, individuals will remember cheaters preferentially.
However, certain mutations may substantially reduce fitness whereas other mutations may have little effect.
It is therefore plausible that these processes reduce fitness inequalities among species and thereby delay competitive exclusion.
There are no field measurements to discern the impacts of low DO on these salmon; however, information from the literature suggests there are effects and interactions that would reduce fitness and/or increase predation.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com