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The interventions were labelled 'course group' (CBT) and 'social group' (recreational activity) in all materials, to reduce expectancy effects.
The reason for the temporal jittering of the fixation cross and stimulus screen was to reduce expectancy effects of the participants.
For each item, participants were asked to provide three ratings (the order of which was randomised trial-by-trial to reduce expectancy effects).
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The correlation between these processes suggests that reduced allocation of resources to the cue stimulus, and therefore reduced expectancy for the upcoming go/no-go stimulus, is associated with reduced strength in inhibitory processing [ 17, 45, 51].
For example, in a future fluency paradigm, depressed individuals generated fewer positive future positive events and had reduced expectancy of enjoying them compared with non-depressed participants (MacLeod & Byrne, 1996; MacLeod & Conway, 2007).
Depressed individuals' attitudes towards the future is marked with reduced expectancies for positive events (MacLeod, Rose, & Williams, 1993; Pysczcynski & Greenberg, 1987) and a lack of approach motivation towards future goals (Dickson & MacLeod, 2004).
Do not purchase a too small tank and expect the fish to stay that size, as this may reduce life expectancy and may cause stress.
"As in humans, pet obesity can reduce life expectancy".
Unsocial hours reduce life expectancy and impact on family and social wellbeing.
Smoking, low socio-economic status and being a man are among factors that can reduce life expectancy.
Obesity is strongly linked with type-2 diabetes, which can reduce life expectancy by ten years.
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