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Academics have long predicted, based on precedents in the rich world, that a host of such changes – which include the arrival of modern agricultural methods and rising living standards – would reduce encroachment on forests.
The LES evaluation results were then used as the basis of optimizing urban expansion and restrained the excessive sprawl of the city, which could reduce encroachment on land resources such as waterbody and farmland, thereby increasing the ecosystem services value (ESV) by 50.24 million RMB(1 RMB = 0.15 US dollar).
However, our four mechanistic hypotheses indicate which life-history stages can be targeted by environmental flows to reduce encroachment.
This finding supports better river management by identifying mechanisms that reduce encroachment, thereby allowing managers to improve riverine ecosystem function, and maintain fluvial processes and channel morphology.
Overall, we predict that restoration of more natural flow regimes will reduce encroachment of terrestrial vegetation into regulated river channels, partly through increased mortality.
Greater inundation alone may reduce encroachment of herbaceous species, shrubs, and small saplings (Stromberg and others 1993; Stromberg 1997; Hooke and Mant 2000; Mayence and others 2010), but may better serve as a complement to manual removal for established terrestrial vegetation, particularly adult trees (e.g., Stromberg and others 1993; Hooke and Mant 2000).
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However, when using herbicide with fire, woodland expansion was reduced, highlighting the effectiveness of early intervention by fire in reducing encroachment.
Reducing encroachment of terrestrial vegetation is an oft-cited objective of environmental flow recommendations, but there has been no systematic assessment of the evidence for and against the widely-accepted cause-and-effect mechanisms involved.
Pastoralist rangeland management practices that include the use of fire and periodic grazing to promote the growth of palatable grasses and reduce the encroachment of bushes have created conditions favourable for wildlife.
Fire is an important tool used in management of rangelands, specifically to reduce bush encroachment, modify species composition of plant communities, maintain habitat for animals and ecological processes and sustain the distinctive nature of rangelands (Mapiye et al. 2008, Okello et al. 2008, Roques et al. 2001).
We systematically reviewed the literature to test whether environmental flows can reduce the encroachment of terrestrial vegetation into river channels.
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