Models developed by some scientists predict an increase in polar bear starvation as a result of longer ice-free seasons and a decline in mating success, since sea-ice fragmentation could reduce encounter rates between males and females.
Because many bird species nest along food plot/forest ecotones or in native vegetation within periodically disturbed sites, managers should consider food plot designs that reduce encounter rates between nesting birds and their predators.
Therefore, this simple formulation can potentially take into account biological complexity such as the use of refuge areas by prey, which can reduce encounter rates when prey density is low [15].
Unfortunately we know nothing about wild camel anti-predator behaviors or wolf habitat use in Great Gobi A SPA and can just speculate that by avoiding the most productive habitats and the vicinity of water points, camels may be able to reduce encounter rates with wolves.
Intraguild predation was rarely found to be a strongly disruptive force, perhaps because spatiotemporal niche differences reduced encounters among species.
In 2013 the Southeast Alaska Sperm Whale Avoidance Project (SEASWAP) evaluated the efficacy of an acoustic decoy in reducing encounters between sperm whales and longline fishing gear.
The Dilution Effect predicts that species diversity decreases pathogen prevalence through mechanisms such as decreased host density, reduced encounters between hosts, or reduced host survival [7].
Maintaining movements within a restricted area compared to the widespread movements of arctic foxes in the North [ 56, 57] greatly reduces encounters with other foxes thus, minimizing the potential for rabies transfer between conspecifics.
The higher seroprevalence and seroconversion rates in experimental (non-reservoirs removed) plots suggest that high small-mammal diversity reduces encounter rates between infected and susceptible hosts (the "encounter reduction" mode of the "dilution effect"[2]).
Our model predicts that monitoring and scanning behavior reduces encounter rates and, therefore, aggression.
