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The character of utilities tunnel is big scale construction, high investment and long recycle period.
Contrary to what may be expected, increasing lignin concentrations throughout the recycle period did not negatively influence hydrolysis efficiency, but conversion efficiencies continuously improved.
A small decrease in glucan conversion efficiency was observed in the last recycle period for the treatment receiving 30 FPU/g glucan; however, the conversion of fresh glucan added was still approximately 90%.
As of the third recycle period, conversions of the fresh glucan equivalents were 100% for the higher enzyme loading (30 FPU/g) and 125% for the lower enzyme loading (15 FPU/g), indicating that total glucan conversions were equivalent to conversion of all fresh glucan added and all fresh glucan plus a portion of recycled glucan, respectively.
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Because total sugar liberation was nearly the same during each of the recycle periods, it may be suggested that biomass composition did not affect enzyme hydrolysis.
Visual assessment of the solid fraction after the multiple recycle periods indicated that the biomass, which initially was fibrous, presented a very fine texture.
Because the entire soluble solids fraction was reutilized in all recycle periods, it was expected that lignin would build up in the hydrolysis medium, since it is not efficiently broken down and solubilized as occurs with the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions.
Enzyme productivity values (g glucose/mg enzyme protein) over all recycle periods were 2.4 and 3.7 for application of 15 and 30 FPU/g of glucan, representing an increase in excess of ten times that obtained in a batch process with the same enzyme blend and an even greater increase compared to commercial cellulase enzymes.
Amount of transferred product from collecting center L to recycle center N at period t.
1, if collecting center L assigned to recycle center N at period t; 0, otherwise.
We did not detect CD44 loss in mouse leukocytes 24 h after injection of IRAWB14 anti-CD44 mAb [ 11], indicating that even if they lost their cell-surface CD44 they could recycle it within this period.
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