All the experimentally infected and contact-exposed dogs showed elevated rectal temperatures, virus shedding, seroconversion, and severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis and bronchioalveolitis.
The anal swabs are taken to later test for rectal herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human papillomavirus (HPV).
Although the vaccine increased resistance to rectal SIV challenge, virus replication in immunized animals that became infected was not altered [ 27].
Oral doses of tenofovir appeared to partly protect monkeys from rectal exposure to the virus.
Detection of virus in rectal washes at 1 year post-challenge was only successful in monkeys whose immunizations did not include cytokine adjuvant, but these loads did not correlate with plasma viral loads.
To our knowledge, no information was gained on the pathway followed by the virus for rectal entry.
In a macaque study [1] in which animals received weekly rectal simian human immunodeficiency virus challenges, 83% (5/6) of the controls became infected after 14 challenges, whereas 100% (6/6) of the macaques that received subcutaneously a combination of 22 mg tenofovir and 20 mg emtricitabine per kg once daily remained uninfected.
To detect changes in Log2 transformed antibody levels, virus isolation, rectal temperatures, white blood cell counts, platelet counts, and body weights, a repeated measures generalized linear mixed model [Response = Group + Time (day) + Group * Day] was performed using an appropriate distribution function.
One raccoon (272) shed small amounts of virus rectally (0.25 equivalentsalents) on 5 dpi, but no other rectal shedding of virus was detected.
The three untreated control macaques became infected after 1, 3, or 5 exposures, consistent with previous findings in 29 additional controls receiving the same virus-only rectal treatment [16].
