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C-terminal to the FBXD is a variable recruitment module that binds to and delivers appropriate substrates for ubiquitylation.
Previous work proposed that a subfamily of A. thaliana FBX genes (mostly from STSP and FBX pseudogene groups base on our analysis (Figure 5)) evolved by positive selection (Ka/Ks >1), with variations in a collection of amino acids in the recruitment module potentially playing an important role in innate immunity and stress responses [14].
These data suggest that Polycomb complexes serve as a recruitment module for the fusion protein.
β-TrCP is the substrate recruitment module of the SCFβ-TrCP ubiquitin ligase supercomplex, recruitment of β-TrCP to its substrate, for example β-catenin, generally requires substrate phosphorylation (Cardozo and Pagano, 2004).
Localization of telomerase to an artificial non-telomeric focus by the TPP1 OB-domain (Zhong et al., 2012) suggests that the TPP1 OB-domain is the minimal sufficient telomerase recruitment module of the shelterin complex.
It has been shown that Jak function is independent of phosphotyrosine binding and it is assumed that the Jak SH2 domain plays a structural role rather than serving as a substrate recruitment module and its influence on Jak kinase activity is unknown [ 34].
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In addition to revealing the magnitude of the plant superfamily and the inclusion of numerous target-recruitment modules, they also detected frequent duplications of specific subsets along with potential domain shuffling between FBXD subtypes and the various recruitment modules.
Domain analysis of the FBX protein collection detected a wide array of C-terminal recruitment modules linked to the N-terminal FBXD.
To provide further support for such uneven gains/losses, we determined the number of predicted FBX proteins containing the various recruitment modules in each species, using HMMER3 to detect known domains from the PFAM database.
In contrast, the remaining FBX loci without the hallmarks of pseudogenization were enriched in coding regions for known recruitment modules (Fischer's exact test, p<0.05), including 10 well-characterized interaction domains that could participate in target recognition (Table S6).
Some well-characterized recruitment modules include leucine-rich (LRR), kelch, WD-40 and tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR), Tubby, armadillo and lectin-related, which provide interaction surfaces for specific substrates [12], [15].
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