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(An asterisk denotes a hypothetical, unattested, reconstructed form or word).
(An asterisk denotes a hypothetical, unattested, reconstructed form or word). The Wakhī language is remarkably distinct from its neighbours and has many archaic features.
Development of Proto-Slavic nasal vowels compared with Baltic Lithuanian Proto-Slavic Polish Russian Bulgarian 'five' penki *pętǐ pięć p'at' pet 'hand, arm' ranka *rǫka ręka ruka rŭka An asterisk indicates an unattested, reconstructed form.
For example, Latin visus comes from the older, reconstructed form *wissos 'seen'; this is cognate with High German gi-wiss 'surely known' and Old Irish ro-fess 'is known,' all of these forms deriving from an Indo-European term *wid-to-s, with d + t. (An asterisk before a word means that it is not attested but reconstructed).
As we have seen, Burmic suggests a reconstructed form *p-loŋ 2 for this etymon, but it is hardly represented in TB outside Burmish and Ngwi.
(A protoform is the presumed or reconstructed ancestral form of a word; an asterisk indicates an unattested, reconstructed form). Similarly, the Southwestern and the Central forms for the classifier for animals (Thai tua, Longzhou tuu) are derived from a protoform *tua, whereas the Northern forms (Buyei tuu) are attributed to a protoform *dua.
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Much of its structure, however, can be deduced by the comparative method of reconstruction (a reconstructed language is called a protolanguage; reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk).
The sounds and inflections of the oldest Germanic languages are compared, with a view to reconstructing the forms they took in Proto-Germanic and comparing those reconstructed forms with what is known of the Indo-European protolanguage.
The supplying of etymologies involves such difficult decisions for a lexicographer as whether words should be carried back into prehistory by means of reconstructed forms or the degree to which speculation should be permitted.
The bladder neck was dissected and reconstructed forming a tennis racket closure by having inverted the bladder mucosa layer from 11 to 1 o'clock.
Although it is not possible to reconstruct form cues from these scrambled displays, viewers can reliably extract information about the direction an animal is facing, provided the dot trajectories are presented in their normal (upright) orientation (e.g., Troje & Westhoff, 2006).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com