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A brilliant novelist reaches into the dark for this creature but fails to reconstruct a character out of the slimy bits he can feel.
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One of the simplest ways to reconstruct a continuous ancestral character state was established with Felsenstein's algorithm for 'Phylogenetic Independent Contrasts' (Felsenstein, 1985).
to reconstruct ancestral character states in a maximum likelihood framework at five selected nodes in the phylogeny.
We therefore exclude FSFs of relatively recent age iteratively, using FSFs in the root branch of an initial proteome tree as phylogenetic characters for reconstructing a new tree.
However, most of the phylogenetic methods aforementioned do not explicitly aim to reconstruct ancestral character states.
We used MacClade [ 51] to trace and reconstruct ancestral character states across the phylogeny.
Ace function of ape [ 80] (under R v2.13.1) was used to reconstruct ancestral character states using maximum likelihood under the setting (method = "ML" and model = "ARD").
The baseml implemented PAML [ 86] is used in TreeSAAP [ 47] to reconstruct ancestral character states at the nodes on the MEPE phylogeny.
This information was combined with a well-established ant phylogeny (Brady et al., 2006; Moreau et al., 2006) and we used parsimony and maximum likelihood (ML) methods to reconstruct ancestral character states.
To reconstruct the character evolution and groundplan features at each node, we used the "Trace Character History" option and performed maximum parsimony reconstructions of groundplans (select "Parsimony Ancestral States") for categorical characters under unordered states assumption.
We suggest using RidgeRace in studies aiming to reconstruct ancestral character states of continuous characters when no definite assumptions can be made about the type of evolutionary process, or when the assumption of a model for phenotypic evolution is not appropriate at all.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com